Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.
T^
amount of heat sufficient to raise its temperature 900 ° , or 1000 ° , the water was entirely converted into vapour , that ) its volume was increased 1728 times , and that this increase of volume took place with a force sufficient to overcome the pressure of the atmosphere , which
averages Mlbs . on the square inch ; also that by confining the steam and increasing the heat , its pressure might be augmented to any required extent . T his time , and steam power had been already employed fo purposes , with different degrees of success ; but the steam engine was so entirely remodelled and perfected by Watt , that he is generally
considered as the inventor of it in its present form . But the latent heat which is absorbed by Water in its conversion into steam is again evolved when that steam is recondensed into water . Thus steam becomes a yeiy convenient source of heat for various purposes . Watt , in his experiments , ohserved that the condensation of a cubic foot of steam developed heat sufficient to raise six cubic inches of
water to its own temperature , or , in other words > that a given weight of steam is sufi temperature of the atmosphere , to the boiling point . The use of steam pipes to heat apartments is an application of this principle . When steam is conveyed in pipes through the different rooms of a building , its latent heat is radiated throughout the rooms , so that
every part of them becomes effectually and evenly warmed . Steam lias also been used in cooking , and , with a remarkable convenience , it imparts heat only to those objects which are below its own temperature of 212 ° . Suppose it is required to heat to the boiling point the water contained in a number of vessels . A pipe conveying steam is inserted into the first and continued on to the others . The heat of
the steamis at m ^ iLexpended raising the temj ) erature the water in the first vessel only . When the maximum of 212 ° is reached , the steam passes on to the second and heats that in like manner , and so on in succession . Thus when it is found that the water in the last vessel has attained its full temperature , it may be known that that in all the others has reached tbe same point . A similar method of
heating is also extensively employed in distillation , and some other processes of manufacture . Steam is also used to a great extent as a means of drying clothes , which are suspended in rooms heated to 100 ° or 120 ° , by means of large cylinders filled with the vapour .
The following Table , illustrative of the effects characteristic of certain temperatures , has been compiled from various sources , and ma } ' probably prove not uninteresting to the reader : — Degrees in Fahrenheit Effects . Authorities , scale .
¦ — 90 Greatest artificial cold produced by Walker . — 55 Nitric acid freezes Cavendish — 50 Natural cold observed at Hudson's Bay — i 6 Sulphuric ether freezes
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.
T^
amount of heat sufficient to raise its temperature 900 ° , or 1000 ° , the water was entirely converted into vapour , that ) its volume was increased 1728 times , and that this increase of volume took place with a force sufficient to overcome the pressure of the atmosphere , which
averages Mlbs . on the square inch ; also that by confining the steam and increasing the heat , its pressure might be augmented to any required extent . T his time , and steam power had been already employed fo purposes , with different degrees of success ; but the steam engine was so entirely remodelled and perfected by Watt , that he is generally
considered as the inventor of it in its present form . But the latent heat which is absorbed by Water in its conversion into steam is again evolved when that steam is recondensed into water . Thus steam becomes a yeiy convenient source of heat for various purposes . Watt , in his experiments , ohserved that the condensation of a cubic foot of steam developed heat sufficient to raise six cubic inches of
water to its own temperature , or , in other words > that a given weight of steam is sufi temperature of the atmosphere , to the boiling point . The use of steam pipes to heat apartments is an application of this principle . When steam is conveyed in pipes through the different rooms of a building , its latent heat is radiated throughout the rooms , so that
every part of them becomes effectually and evenly warmed . Steam lias also been used in cooking , and , with a remarkable convenience , it imparts heat only to those objects which are below its own temperature of 212 ° . Suppose it is required to heat to the boiling point the water contained in a number of vessels . A pipe conveying steam is inserted into the first and continued on to the others . The heat of
the steamis at m ^ iLexpended raising the temj ) erature the water in the first vessel only . When the maximum of 212 ° is reached , the steam passes on to the second and heats that in like manner , and so on in succession . Thus when it is found that the water in the last vessel has attained its full temperature , it may be known that that in all the others has reached tbe same point . A similar method of
heating is also extensively employed in distillation , and some other processes of manufacture . Steam is also used to a great extent as a means of drying clothes , which are suspended in rooms heated to 100 ° or 120 ° , by means of large cylinders filled with the vapour .
The following Table , illustrative of the effects characteristic of certain temperatures , has been compiled from various sources , and ma } ' probably prove not uninteresting to the reader : — Degrees in Fahrenheit Effects . Authorities , scale .
¦ — 90 Greatest artificial cold produced by Walker . — 55 Nitric acid freezes Cavendish — 50 Natural cold observed at Hudson's Bay — i 6 Sulphuric ether freezes