Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.
List Of Rare And Valuable Works On Freemasonry.
LIST OF RARE AND VALUABLE WORKS ON FREEMASONRY .
Offered for Sale , at the prices annexed , at the office of the FREEMASON ' S CHRONICLE , Belvidere Works , Hermes Hill , Pentonville , N .
208 Rejected Letters . —The "Tablet" versus Free- 0 2 0 masonry . Extraordinary assumption of Ecclesiastical Censorship , by a Catholic Newspaper . Bv a Catholic . Demy 8 vo , 16 pp . London . 1841 . 209 Histoire Des Chevalieres Hospitaliers de S Jean de 2 11 6
Jerusalem , appolles depuia Chevaliers de Rhodes , ot Aujourd Hui Chevaliers de Malthe . Par M . L'Abbo * do Vertot do l'Academio des Belles-Lottros . Nouvelle Edition , augmented des Statuts de l'Ordre , et des Noma des Chevaliers . 7 vols . 18 mo . Calf . A Paris , 1772 . 212 Paten ' s ( 0 . 1 . ) Freemasonry and ita Jurisprudence , 0 5 6
according to tho Ancient Landmarks and Charges , and the Constitution , Laws , and Practices of Lodges and Grand Lodges . 8 vo . cloth , ( pub . at 10 s 6 d ) . 213 Paton ( 0 . 1 . ) Freemasonry , its Symbolism , Religions 0 5 6 ' Nature , and Law of Perfection . Svo . cloth ( pub . at 10 s 6 d ) . 214 Freemasonry , its Two Great Doctrines , The Existence 0 5 0 of God , and a Future State ; also Its Three Masonio Graces , Faith , Hope , and Charity . Svo . cloth ( pub . at . lOs ) .
216 Dupny . Condamnaiion dea Templiers . 18 mo ., front . 0 10 0 Brussels , 1702 . 321 Lawrence , Archer . Orders of Chivalry . Large Svo . 110 ( Only 100 were printed ) . London 1871 . 223 Harris , Thaddens Mason . Discourses illustrating the 0 15 0 Principles , & o . of Froemasony . 8 vo . front . Charlestown , Mass ., 1801 .
224 Allgemeinea Handbuch der Freimaurerei Von . Lem- 1 15 0 mings Enoyklopoidie dor Freimaur . 4 vols . 8 vo . Leipsig . 226 The Secret Warfare of Freemasonry againsfc Church 0 9 0 and State . Svo . London , 1875 . 233 Blake , Mrs ., The Realities of Freemasonry . Demy Svo . 0 9 0 London , 1879 ..
235 Addison , C . J ., The Temple Church . Svo . cloth . 0 7 6 London , 1843 . ¦ •¦ 36 Clavel , J . B ., Historia Pitoresoade la Franc Maooneria . 0 18 6 8 vo . plates , 800 pp . Madrid , 1817 . 239 -the Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry , 0 12 6 with Supplement , giving Signs , & o . 1874 . 241 Jones Stephen , Masonio Miscellanies . Bound , front . 0 12 6 "London , 1811 .
371 The Constitutions of the Freemasons . Containing the 10 10 0 History , Charges , Regulations , & o ., of that Most Ancient and Right Worshipfnl Fraternity . For the use of the Lodges . London : Printed by William Hunter , for John Senex at the Globe , and John Hooke , at the Flowor-de-Luoe
over-against St . Dnnstan ' s Church , in Fleot-stroet , in the year of Masonry , 6723 . Anno Domini , 1723 . This was tho first Edition of the Constitutions published . It is now very ditflcult to procure a copy j in fact , wo know of no other in the market . Aumncha * 0 £ 20 has recently been paid for this edition .
378 Roberts , Rev . George . Freemasonry , a Hand-maid to 0 5 0 Religion . A sermon preached on the occasion of the dedication of the Silurian Lodge . 1843 . 379 Royal Aroh Regulations . Svo . 1843 . 0 7 6 381 The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite . Illustra- 0 15 0 tions of the Emblems of the Thirty-Three Degrees : with a short description of each as worked under tho Supremo
Council of Scotland . By Bro . J . T . Loth , Ph . Dr ., 30 ° . Representative of the Grand Orient De France at the Grand Lodge of Scotland ; P . M . Lodge St . Andrew , No . 48 ; P . H . Royal Arch Chapter St . Andrew , No . 83 , Edinburgh ; - K . O . Royal Order of Scotland ; Knight Templar , & c , & c . London , 1875 .. . 382 A sketch of fche History and Persecution of the Knights 0 3 6
Templar , being a paner read before the M . E . and Supreme Grand Master Sir Knight William Stuart , and Members of the Observance , Faith and Fidelity , Mount Calvary , St . George ' s , Royal Gloucester , Coteswold of St . Augustin , Harcourt , and : William Stuart Encampments , Mrs . W .
Stuart , and a large number of Ladies and Visitors , at the Masonic "Union Hall , 14 Bedford Row , on Friday , 11 th March 1864 , being' the 551 st Anniversary of the Execution of James doMolai , Grand Master of the Order of the Temple at the time of its suppression in 1313 . By Frederick Binckes , B . C . Mount Calvary Encampment . 385 Paton ( 0 . I . j Freemasonry , the Three Masonio 0 7 6 Graces . Svo .
392 Jennings , Hargrave . PhaUicism . With plates . Svo . 3 3 0 Scarce . London , 1884 . 393 Jennings , Hargrave . The Rosicrucians ; their Rites 0 10 6 and Mysteries . Svo . 1 vol . 394 Jennings , Rev . D . Introduction to fche Knowledge of 0 1 6
jueutuH * JJUUUUU , LYUt . 395 Landmarks of History—Ancient ; from the Earliest 0 2 0 Times to the Mahometan Conquest . I 8 ino . cloth . London , 1876 . 396 The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman . Edited , 15 0 from a Contemporary Manuscript , with a Historical
Introduction , Notes , and a Glossary , by Thomas Wright , M . A ., F . S . A ., & c . In Two Volumes , Fcap . Svo . half-calf , antique . London , 1856 . 397 Maokey ' s Lexicon of Freemasonry . 1860 0 4 6 898 History of the Sfc . Michael ' s Lodge , No . 211 . Compiled 0 2 0
from such Minute Books as havo been preserved . Crown Svo . cloth , gilt edges . London , 1881 . 99 Constos' ( J . ) Sufferings for Freemasonry , and for his 1 15 0 refusing to turn Roman Catholic , in the Inquisition at Lisbon , with papers on the Origin of the Inquisition , & c . Portrait and folding plates by Boitard . Scarce . Svo . half bound . 1746 .
< t 101 A Commentary on the Regios MS . ( the oldest doon . 10 0 g out of the Craft ) . By Robert Freke Gould , author of the " History of Freemasonry , " 1889 . 103 Specimens of a series of short extracts from Bro . Pur- 110 ton Cooper ' s letter and memorandum books for tho years 1859 to 1863 . Not included in his Communications to tho Freemasons' Magazine . Not printed for sale . 50 copies only printed . Author ' s own copy , with his notes . 1868 .
t 104 An account of the early history ot Freemasonry in 0 5 0 England , with illustrations of the principles and precepts advocated by that Institution . By Thos . Lewis Fox . ' 1873 . 107 Freemasons' Magazine and Masonio Mirror . First Vol . 110 of 1858 .
' 108 Rowbottom . Origin of Masonio Ritual and Tradition . 0 3 6 A Lecture on tho Three Degrees . 1830 . 109 Secret Societies of the Middle Ages . 1873 . ... 0 10 6 110 Constitutions . Svo . 1858 ... ... ... 0 15 0 Ul Ahiman Rezon , or a help to all that are , or wonld be , 7 7 0 Free and Accepted Masons , containing the Quintessence of
all that has been published on the subject of Free Masonry . With many additions , which renders this work more useful ! than any other Book of Constitution now extant . Second Edition . By Lan . Dermott , Secretary . With frontispiece . In good condition , 1764 . 414 Hunter . Incidents in fche History of the Lodge of 0 10 6 Journeymen Masons , Edinburgh , No . 8 . 1884 .
415 Smith , Horatio . Festivals , Games and Amusements , 0 8 6 Ancient and Modern . 1831 . 416 Ashe , Rev . Jonathan . Masonio Manual . Second Edi- 0 7 6 tion . 1825 . 417 Tallaok . Malta under the Phenioians , Knights , and 0 12 6 English . 1861 . 418 History and Records of the Harmonic Lodge , Liverpool , 0 5 0 No . 218 , and the Sacred Delta R . A . Chapter . By Brother Joseph Hawkins P . M . P . Z . Royal Svo . Liverpool , 1890 .
425 Constitution of Freemasonry ; or , Amman Rezon : to 15 0 which are added , certain Lectures , Charges , and a Masonio Ritual . Published by the Grand Lodge of Ireland . 1860 . Contains Craft , Royal Arch , Knights Templar , Knights of Malta , Supreme Grand Council of Rites of Ireland , and Rose Croix Regulations , & o .
426 Constitutions . Svo . 1841 . With autograph signature 11 0 of Grand Secretary . 427 Constitutions . Svo . 1853 . 0 15 0 428 Constitutions . Svo . 1858 . 0 15 0 429 Constitutions . Svo . 1884 . 0 7 6 430 Les Franos-Macons ecrases ; snite du livre intitule : 2 2 0 L'Ordre des Francs-Macons trahi . Traduit da Latin . Amsterdam , 1778 . [ Has frontispiece and four of tho five plates . ] 431 Bobrik , Edonard . Histoire de la Franc Maconnerie 0 18 6
son ideo fondamontale et sa constitution d 6 velopp 6 es selon l ' osprit de notre sieclo . Traduit de l'AUemand par Edouard Lena . Lausanne , 1811 . 432 Addison , C . G . ( of the Inner Temple ) . The Knights 2 10 0 Templars . Second Edition , with numerous fine plates .
Very scarce . London , 1842 . 433 Jachin and Boaz ; or , an authentic key to the door of 1 5 0 Free-Masonry , both Ancient and Modern . To which is added a new and accurate list of all the English regular Lodges in the World , with dates of Constitution and days of meeting . Twenty-first edition . 1805 .
434 Cox , John Edmund , D . D ., F . S . A . The old ConBtitu- 12 6 tions belonging to tbe ancient and honourable society of Free and Accepted Masons of England and Ireland . Four reprints of the first editions published in London , 1722 , 1723 , MS . 1726 , Dublin 1730 . With two frontispieces reproduced in facsimile . 1871 .
435 Masonio Trestle-Board , adapted to the national system 110 of work and lectures , as revised and perfected by tho United States Masonic Convention , at Baltimore , Md ., A . L . 6813 . By Charles W . Moore and S . W . B . Carnegy . Second edition , with plates . Boston , 1846 . [ Presentation copy to Wm . Tacker , Esq ., Provincial Grand Master Dorsetshire in 1846 . 1
436 Robison , John . Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the 0 15 0 religions and governments of Europe , carried on in . tho secret meetings of Free Masons , & o . Third edition . The same Book . Fourth Edition , 1798 . 0 15 0 437 Unparalled sufferings of John Constos , who nine times 1 5 0 underwent the most cruel tortures ever invented by man ,
in order to extort from him tho Secrets of { Freemasonry . To this work is subjoined most valuable pieces on Masonry , and a complete list of regular Chapters . Several plates . Birmingham , N . D . ( apparently 1790 . ) 438 Freemason's Pooket Companion . Containing the his- 1 1 ° tory of Masonry from the creation to the present time ; the
institution of the Grand Lodge of Scotland ; lists oi the Officers of the Grand Lodges in England and Scotland ; with a collection of Charges , Constitutions , Orders , Regulations , Songs , & c . Second Edition . Edinburgh , 1763 . 439 Flenry , F . Instructions philosophiques snr la 0 4 6 Franc-Maconnorie . ler dogre , Initiations . 2 me degrfi ,
Compagnonnage . Protectorat Maconnique . Bruxeles , 1881 . 440 Informe emitido por el-Ilnstre H . Alberto Pike , Gran 0 7 " Comondador del Supremo Consejo del grado 33 del rito Escocos antiguo y aceptado al Oriente de Charleston . Madrid , 1882 . 441 Stevens , James . Masonic Map and Directory , for 1881 , 0 & of Lodges and Chapters in England and Wales ,
In ordering from thia list it is only necessary tl ) give the number and date of the work required *
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.
List Of Rare And Valuable Works On Freemasonry.
LIST OF RARE AND VALUABLE WORKS ON FREEMASONRY .
Offered for Sale , at the prices annexed , at the office of the FREEMASON ' S CHRONICLE , Belvidere Works , Hermes Hill , Pentonville , N .
208 Rejected Letters . —The "Tablet" versus Free- 0 2 0 masonry . Extraordinary assumption of Ecclesiastical Censorship , by a Catholic Newspaper . Bv a Catholic . Demy 8 vo , 16 pp . London . 1841 . 209 Histoire Des Chevalieres Hospitaliers de S Jean de 2 11 6
Jerusalem , appolles depuia Chevaliers de Rhodes , ot Aujourd Hui Chevaliers de Malthe . Par M . L'Abbo * do Vertot do l'Academio des Belles-Lottros . Nouvelle Edition , augmented des Statuts de l'Ordre , et des Noma des Chevaliers . 7 vols . 18 mo . Calf . A Paris , 1772 . 212 Paten ' s ( 0 . 1 . ) Freemasonry and ita Jurisprudence , 0 5 6
according to tho Ancient Landmarks and Charges , and the Constitution , Laws , and Practices of Lodges and Grand Lodges . 8 vo . cloth , ( pub . at 10 s 6 d ) . 213 Paton ( 0 . 1 . ) Freemasonry , its Symbolism , Religions 0 5 6 ' Nature , and Law of Perfection . Svo . cloth ( pub . at 10 s 6 d ) . 214 Freemasonry , its Two Great Doctrines , The Existence 0 5 0 of God , and a Future State ; also Its Three Masonio Graces , Faith , Hope , and Charity . Svo . cloth ( pub . at . lOs ) .
216 Dupny . Condamnaiion dea Templiers . 18 mo ., front . 0 10 0 Brussels , 1702 . 321 Lawrence , Archer . Orders of Chivalry . Large Svo . 110 ( Only 100 were printed ) . London 1871 . 223 Harris , Thaddens Mason . Discourses illustrating the 0 15 0 Principles , & o . of Froemasony . 8 vo . front . Charlestown , Mass ., 1801 .
224 Allgemeinea Handbuch der Freimaurerei Von . Lem- 1 15 0 mings Enoyklopoidie dor Freimaur . 4 vols . 8 vo . Leipsig . 226 The Secret Warfare of Freemasonry againsfc Church 0 9 0 and State . Svo . London , 1875 . 233 Blake , Mrs ., The Realities of Freemasonry . Demy Svo . 0 9 0 London , 1879 ..
235 Addison , C . J ., The Temple Church . Svo . cloth . 0 7 6 London , 1843 . ¦ •¦ 36 Clavel , J . B ., Historia Pitoresoade la Franc Maooneria . 0 18 6 8 vo . plates , 800 pp . Madrid , 1817 . 239 -the Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry , 0 12 6 with Supplement , giving Signs , & o . 1874 . 241 Jones Stephen , Masonio Miscellanies . Bound , front . 0 12 6 "London , 1811 .
371 The Constitutions of the Freemasons . Containing the 10 10 0 History , Charges , Regulations , & o ., of that Most Ancient and Right Worshipfnl Fraternity . For the use of the Lodges . London : Printed by William Hunter , for John Senex at the Globe , and John Hooke , at the Flowor-de-Luoe
over-against St . Dnnstan ' s Church , in Fleot-stroet , in the year of Masonry , 6723 . Anno Domini , 1723 . This was tho first Edition of the Constitutions published . It is now very ditflcult to procure a copy j in fact , wo know of no other in the market . Aumncha * 0 £ 20 has recently been paid for this edition .
378 Roberts , Rev . George . Freemasonry , a Hand-maid to 0 5 0 Religion . A sermon preached on the occasion of the dedication of the Silurian Lodge . 1843 . 379 Royal Aroh Regulations . Svo . 1843 . 0 7 6 381 The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite . Illustra- 0 15 0 tions of the Emblems of the Thirty-Three Degrees : with a short description of each as worked under tho Supremo
Council of Scotland . By Bro . J . T . Loth , Ph . Dr ., 30 ° . Representative of the Grand Orient De France at the Grand Lodge of Scotland ; P . M . Lodge St . Andrew , No . 48 ; P . H . Royal Arch Chapter St . Andrew , No . 83 , Edinburgh ; - K . O . Royal Order of Scotland ; Knight Templar , & c , & c . London , 1875 .. . 382 A sketch of fche History and Persecution of the Knights 0 3 6
Templar , being a paner read before the M . E . and Supreme Grand Master Sir Knight William Stuart , and Members of the Observance , Faith and Fidelity , Mount Calvary , St . George ' s , Royal Gloucester , Coteswold of St . Augustin , Harcourt , and : William Stuart Encampments , Mrs . W .
Stuart , and a large number of Ladies and Visitors , at the Masonic "Union Hall , 14 Bedford Row , on Friday , 11 th March 1864 , being' the 551 st Anniversary of the Execution of James doMolai , Grand Master of the Order of the Temple at the time of its suppression in 1313 . By Frederick Binckes , B . C . Mount Calvary Encampment . 385 Paton ( 0 . I . j Freemasonry , the Three Masonio 0 7 6 Graces . Svo .
392 Jennings , Hargrave . PhaUicism . With plates . Svo . 3 3 0 Scarce . London , 1884 . 393 Jennings , Hargrave . The Rosicrucians ; their Rites 0 10 6 and Mysteries . Svo . 1 vol . 394 Jennings , Rev . D . Introduction to fche Knowledge of 0 1 6
jueutuH * JJUUUUU , LYUt . 395 Landmarks of History—Ancient ; from the Earliest 0 2 0 Times to the Mahometan Conquest . I 8 ino . cloth . London , 1876 . 396 The Vision and Creed of Piers Ploughman . Edited , 15 0 from a Contemporary Manuscript , with a Historical
Introduction , Notes , and a Glossary , by Thomas Wright , M . A ., F . S . A ., & c . In Two Volumes , Fcap . Svo . half-calf , antique . London , 1856 . 397 Maokey ' s Lexicon of Freemasonry . 1860 0 4 6 898 History of the Sfc . Michael ' s Lodge , No . 211 . Compiled 0 2 0
from such Minute Books as havo been preserved . Crown Svo . cloth , gilt edges . London , 1881 . 99 Constos' ( J . ) Sufferings for Freemasonry , and for his 1 15 0 refusing to turn Roman Catholic , in the Inquisition at Lisbon , with papers on the Origin of the Inquisition , & c . Portrait and folding plates by Boitard . Scarce . Svo . half bound . 1746 .
< t 101 A Commentary on the Regios MS . ( the oldest doon . 10 0 g out of the Craft ) . By Robert Freke Gould , author of the " History of Freemasonry , " 1889 . 103 Specimens of a series of short extracts from Bro . Pur- 110 ton Cooper ' s letter and memorandum books for tho years 1859 to 1863 . Not included in his Communications to tho Freemasons' Magazine . Not printed for sale . 50 copies only printed . Author ' s own copy , with his notes . 1868 .
t 104 An account of the early history ot Freemasonry in 0 5 0 England , with illustrations of the principles and precepts advocated by that Institution . By Thos . Lewis Fox . ' 1873 . 107 Freemasons' Magazine and Masonio Mirror . First Vol . 110 of 1858 .
' 108 Rowbottom . Origin of Masonio Ritual and Tradition . 0 3 6 A Lecture on tho Three Degrees . 1830 . 109 Secret Societies of the Middle Ages . 1873 . ... 0 10 6 110 Constitutions . Svo . 1858 ... ... ... 0 15 0 Ul Ahiman Rezon , or a help to all that are , or wonld be , 7 7 0 Free and Accepted Masons , containing the Quintessence of
all that has been published on the subject of Free Masonry . With many additions , which renders this work more useful ! than any other Book of Constitution now extant . Second Edition . By Lan . Dermott , Secretary . With frontispiece . In good condition , 1764 . 414 Hunter . Incidents in fche History of the Lodge of 0 10 6 Journeymen Masons , Edinburgh , No . 8 . 1884 .
415 Smith , Horatio . Festivals , Games and Amusements , 0 8 6 Ancient and Modern . 1831 . 416 Ashe , Rev . Jonathan . Masonio Manual . Second Edi- 0 7 6 tion . 1825 . 417 Tallaok . Malta under the Phenioians , Knights , and 0 12 6 English . 1861 . 418 History and Records of the Harmonic Lodge , Liverpool , 0 5 0 No . 218 , and the Sacred Delta R . A . Chapter . By Brother Joseph Hawkins P . M . P . Z . Royal Svo . Liverpool , 1890 .
425 Constitution of Freemasonry ; or , Amman Rezon : to 15 0 which are added , certain Lectures , Charges , and a Masonio Ritual . Published by the Grand Lodge of Ireland . 1860 . Contains Craft , Royal Arch , Knights Templar , Knights of Malta , Supreme Grand Council of Rites of Ireland , and Rose Croix Regulations , & o .
426 Constitutions . Svo . 1841 . With autograph signature 11 0 of Grand Secretary . 427 Constitutions . Svo . 1853 . 0 15 0 428 Constitutions . Svo . 1858 . 0 15 0 429 Constitutions . Svo . 1884 . 0 7 6 430 Les Franos-Macons ecrases ; snite du livre intitule : 2 2 0 L'Ordre des Francs-Macons trahi . Traduit da Latin . Amsterdam , 1778 . [ Has frontispiece and four of tho five plates . ] 431 Bobrik , Edonard . Histoire de la Franc Maconnerie 0 18 6
son ideo fondamontale et sa constitution d 6 velopp 6 es selon l ' osprit de notre sieclo . Traduit de l'AUemand par Edouard Lena . Lausanne , 1811 . 432 Addison , C . G . ( of the Inner Temple ) . The Knights 2 10 0 Templars . Second Edition , with numerous fine plates .
Very scarce . London , 1842 . 433 Jachin and Boaz ; or , an authentic key to the door of 1 5 0 Free-Masonry , both Ancient and Modern . To which is added a new and accurate list of all the English regular Lodges in the World , with dates of Constitution and days of meeting . Twenty-first edition . 1805 .
434 Cox , John Edmund , D . D ., F . S . A . The old ConBtitu- 12 6 tions belonging to tbe ancient and honourable society of Free and Accepted Masons of England and Ireland . Four reprints of the first editions published in London , 1722 , 1723 , MS . 1726 , Dublin 1730 . With two frontispieces reproduced in facsimile . 1871 .
435 Masonio Trestle-Board , adapted to the national system 110 of work and lectures , as revised and perfected by tho United States Masonic Convention , at Baltimore , Md ., A . L . 6813 . By Charles W . Moore and S . W . B . Carnegy . Second edition , with plates . Boston , 1846 . [ Presentation copy to Wm . Tacker , Esq ., Provincial Grand Master Dorsetshire in 1846 . 1
436 Robison , John . Proofs of a Conspiracy against all the 0 15 0 religions and governments of Europe , carried on in . tho secret meetings of Free Masons , & o . Third edition . The same Book . Fourth Edition , 1798 . 0 15 0 437 Unparalled sufferings of John Constos , who nine times 1 5 0 underwent the most cruel tortures ever invented by man ,
in order to extort from him tho Secrets of { Freemasonry . To this work is subjoined most valuable pieces on Masonry , and a complete list of regular Chapters . Several plates . Birmingham , N . D . ( apparently 1790 . ) 438 Freemason's Pooket Companion . Containing the his- 1 1 ° tory of Masonry from the creation to the present time ; the
institution of the Grand Lodge of Scotland ; lists oi the Officers of the Grand Lodges in England and Scotland ; with a collection of Charges , Constitutions , Orders , Regulations , Songs , & c . Second Edition . Edinburgh , 1763 . 439 Flenry , F . Instructions philosophiques snr la 0 4 6 Franc-Maconnorie . ler dogre , Initiations . 2 me degrfi ,
Compagnonnage . Protectorat Maconnique . Bruxeles , 1881 . 440 Informe emitido por el-Ilnstre H . Alberto Pike , Gran 0 7 " Comondador del Supremo Consejo del grado 33 del rito Escocos antiguo y aceptado al Oriente de Charleston . Madrid , 1882 . 441 Stevens , James . Masonic Map and Directory , for 1881 , 0 & of Lodges and Chapters in England and Wales ,
In ordering from thia list it is only necessary tl ) give the number and date of the work required *